Assessment of the Reverberations Caused by Predominant Air Pollutants on Urban Vegetation: A Multi-Site Study in Varanasi Located in Indo-Gangetic Plains

Plant responses to air pollution have been extensively studied in urban environments. Nevertheless, detailed and holistic studies assessing their retaliation contaminants are still limited. The present study evaluates the effect of criteria pollutants (SO2, NO2, PM10 O3) on overall biochemistry resource allocation strategy plants order categorize dominant roadside species (Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Ficus religiosa, Azadirachta Dalbergia sissoo, Cascabela thevetia Bougainvillea spectabilis) Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), with different morphologies habits, into that tolerant sensitive prevailing pollutants. This was performed at three land-use sites (industrial, commercial reference) Varanasi for two seasons (summer winter). It inferred NO2 consistently violated quality standards all sites. fifteen assessed parameters reflected significant variations depending upon site, season plant whereupon enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase catalase) utilization (leaf area leaf dry matter content) were remarkably affected. Based parameters, it entrenched deciduous tree compound leaves (D. sissoo > A. indica) identified as less sensitive, followed by a shrub (C. B. spectabilis), while evergreen simple most sensitive. also substantiated morphology foliage contributed more toward differential response than its habit.